Oxford, UK. People who haven't been there often talk about corrective surgery as though new genitals are "reshaped" or "fashioned" to achieve an approximation of the "real" thing. However, we do know that the surgery uses tissues with clear parallels to the target sexual configuration and the resulting organs are regularly replaced at the cellular level.

The techniques used by the most proficient surgeons to achieve the corrected genital configuration for females have shown excellent results. Surgery for males lags behind, but promising new develops may eventually bring the two types of corrective surgery into general parity.

Function and cosmetics aside, there is more to do. If you do have corrective surgery on your genitals, integrating the new penis, vagina, or other organs into your sense of self and body ownsership is part of the task. There are recorded cases of individuals who skip the standard preparatory stages, opt for surgery, and then have difficulties with psychological and social adjustment. Well-adjusted post-ops appear to do this with little apparent effort. But how is it done?

The implications are wide-ranging, with possible next steps that include a new look at amputations, as well as complex plastic and reconstructive surgeries.Rigorous research on this subject is virtually non-existent. However, some parallel investigations in recent years have illuminated the interplay between our bodies and minds to enable this integration.

Body ownership is a fundamental aspect of human self-awareness – the feeling that your body belongs to you and is constantly there. It is known that this important sense of self can be disrupted in a range of different neurological, psychiatric and psychological conditions (e.g., anorexia, in autism, bulemia, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and after a stroke.

By examining the underlyng mechanisms, scientists at the University of Oxford have constructed an illusion under controlled conditions that can directly address sense of self questions. They can trick people into believing that a substitute extremity actually belongs to them.

The Rubber Hand Illusion

A rubber hand is placed in front of the participant in their field of vision and near to their real hand. A partition conceals the real hand.

If the real and rubber hands are simulataneously touched or stroked in the same way, the participant tries to co-ordinate what they are feeling (stroking on their own hand) and seeing (stroking on the rubber hand).

The subject experiences a shift in where they believe their hand is in relation to the position of the rubber hand.The experiments show that acceptance isn't all in the mind. The researchers have observed a physical response as well, a finding that offers insight into conditions which affect a patient’s sense of self and body ownership.

"People experience this weird illusion," says Dr. G Lorimer Moseley of the Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics at the University of Oxford.

"They will say things like, 'I feel like I own the rubber hand'”.

Dr. Moseley, along with Professor Charles Spence of the Department of Experimental Psychology and researchers in Italy and The Netherlands, pubished their report in the journal PNAS.

The authors note that incorporating the rubber hand into our sense of self comes at a physical cost. It is as though they are "disowning" the real hand, resulting in a measurable temperature drop in that hand.

‘The rubber-hand illusion is a beautiful device to manipulate our sense of self," Dr Moseley says.

"It tells us that our sense of our bodies, our sense of who we are, is labile (i.e., unstable or not fixed)."

People suffering from complex regional pain syndrome can experience significant distortion in their sense of their physical self. They can disown a limb, feeling that it does not belong to them or that a limb is bigger than it really is.

Many conditions characterised by distortions of body image or ownership are also characterised by a disruption of temperature in one side of the body or a single limb.

"We wanted to see if we could replicate any of this experience. We wanted to see if we could manipulate our sense of ownership of our bodies and reproduce a temperature disruption," says Dr Moseley. "That is exactly what we saw."

"Our sense of our physical self comes from what we’re born with and the constant messages the brain receives from all parts of our bodies. We’ve now shown that this is a two-way street. The mind can also influence the body’s tissues. We have demonstrated that the mind can control a specific body part."

The implications are wide-ranging, with possible next steps that include a new look at amputations, as well as complex plastic and reconstructive surgeries.

The TS-Si News Service is a collaborative effort by TS-Si.org editors, contributors, and corresponding institutions. Sources can include the cited individuals and organizations, as well as TS-Si.org staff contributions. Articles and news reports do not necessarily convey official positions of TS-Si, its partners, or affiliates. We welcome your comments. Use the form below to leave a public comment or send private correspondence via the TS-Si Contact Page. We will not divulge any personal details or place you on a mailing list without your permission.


TS-Si is dedicated to the acceptance, medical treatment, and legal protection of individuals correcting the misalignment of their brains and their anatomical sex, while supporting their transition into society as hormonally reconstituted and surgically corrected citizens.

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