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| Genes That Control Embryonic Stem Cell Fate Identified |
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| SciMed - Genetics & Genome | |||
| TS-Si News Service | |||
| Sunday, 13 July 2008 18:00 | |||
 TS-Si  Genetics & The GenomeNew York, NY, USA. Ninety percent of every mammal's genome is dark matter harboring ancient viral DNA that infected our ancestors from as far back as the age of the dinosaurs.
Scientists have uncovered clues as to how our ge...Worcester, MA, USA. A chromosome layer folds into contiguous yarns that harbor groups of genes and regulatory elements, enabling contact for coordinated development work.
This is a new layer in the complex organization of ch... cell fate. The genes may either prod or restrain stem cells from drifting into a kind of limbo, they suspect. The limbo lies between the embryonic stage and fully differentiated, or specialized, cells, such as bone, muscle or fat. The new findings come from the first large-scale search for genes crucial to embryonic stem cells. The research was carried out by a team at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and reported in the journal Cell.
An RNAi Screen of Chromatin Proteins Identifies Tip60-p400 as a Regulator of Embryonic Stem Cell Identity. Thomas G. Fazzio, Jason T. Huff, and Barbara Panning. Cell 134 162-174.
By knowing the genes and proteins that control a cell's progress toward the differentiated form, researchers may be able to accelerate the process. There are important potential benefits from the finding: a better understanding of how cell
differentiation affects the prevalence of birth conditions, the study of some degenerative diseases, or the use of stem cells in therapy. Barbara Panning, PhD, is a UCSF associate professor of biochemistry and biophysics, and the paper's senior author. She has done foundational research on decipherig commands that control the X chromosome shutdowns in the cells of every human female. Photo by Robert Foothorap.
"The genes we identified are necessary for embryonic stem cells to maintain a memory of who they are," says Panning. "Without them the cell doesn't know whether it should remain a stem cell or differentiate into a specialized cell."
The scientists used a powerful technique known as RNA interference, or RNAi, to screen more than 1,000 genes for their role in mouse embryonic stem cells. RNAi is a gene-silencing process that inhibits
gene expression by causing the degradation of specific RNA molecules or hindering the transcription of specific genes. The technique allows researchers to "knock down" individual genes, reducing their abundance in order to determine the gene's normal role.  The RNAi Process. Small RNA molecules activate a cellular response to destroy a specific mRNA.
Image courtesy of Richard Robinson; adapted under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Source: RNAi Therapeutics: How Likely, How Soon? Richard Robinson PLoS Biology 2(1) e28 doi: 10.1371/ journal.pbio.0020028
The research focused on proteins that help package DNA. In the nucleus, DNA normally wraps around protein complexes called nucleosomes, forming a structure known as chromatin. This is what makes up chromosomes.
They found 22 proteins, each of which is essential for embryonic stem cells to
Most of the genes code for multi-protein complexes that physically rearrange, or "remodel" nucleosomes, changing the likelihood that the underlying genes will be expressed to make proteins.
The main player they identified is a 17-protein complex called Tip60-p400. This complex is necessary for the cellular memory that maintains embryonic stem cell identity, Panning explains. Without it, the embryonic stem cells turned into a different
cell type, which had some features of a stem cell but many features of a differentiated cell. The scientists believe that Tip60-p400 is necessary for embryonic stem cells to correctly read the signals that determine cell type. These findings are not only important for understanding cellular memory in embryonic stem cells, but will also likely be relevant to other cell types, they say.
Inactivation of other genes disrupted embryonic stem cell proliferation. These genes were already known to have only slight influence on viability of mature cells in the body. This suggests that embryonic stem cells are "uniquely sensitive to certain perturbations of chromatin structure," the scientists report.
If other types of stem cells are also found to be sensitive to these chromatin perturbations, this could lead to novel cancer therapies in the future, Panning says.
 The TS-Si News Service is a collaborative effort by TS-Si.org editors, contributors, and corresponding institutions. Sources can include the cited individuals and organizations, as well as TS-Si.org staff contributions. Articles and news reports do not necessarily convey official positions of TS-Si, its partners, or affiliates. We welcome your comments. Use the form below to leave a public comment or send private correspondence via the TS-Si Contact Page. We will not divulge any personal details or place you on a mailing list without your permission.TS-Si is dedicated to the acceptance, medical treatment, and legal protection of individuals correcting the misalignment of their brains and their anatomical sex, while supporting their transition into society as hormonally reconstituted and surgically corrected citizens.
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| Last Updated on Sunday, 13 July 2008 18:26 |
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